KAZAKHSTAN

FANNING THE FLAMES
HOW HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES ARE FUELING THE AIDS EPIDEMIC IN KAZAKHSTAN

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Table of Contents

I. SUMMARY

II. RECOMMENDATIONS

To the government of Kazakhstan:
On HIV/AIDS:
On international human rights conventions:
On law enforcement conduct:
To the National AIDS Program:
To U.N. agencies and other multilateral and bilateral donors:
To the European Union and Member States:
To the United States:
To the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development:

III. METHODS

IV. BACKGROUND

HIV/AIDS in the former Soviet Union
HIV/AIDS in Kazakhstan

V. ABUSES AGAINST INJECTION DRUG USERS AND SEX WORKERS 1919

Police abuse of injection drug users
Police corruption and involvement in the drug trade
Police abuse of sex workers
Police corruption and involvement in sex work

VI. PROBLEMS WITH STATE-RUN AIDS-RELATED SERVICES

Harm reduction services
Police interference with harm reduction services
Narcotics treatment services
Lack of antiretroviral treatment

VII. STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION

General stigma related to HIV status
Health services
Employment and housing
Men who have sex with men

VIII. THE PENAL SYSTEM AND ISOLATION OF HIV-POSITIVE PRISONERS

IX. LEGAL STANDARDS

International law
Due process guarantees
Freedom of expression
Health
National law

X. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS