Claims in Conflict:
Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Northern Iraq

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I. Summary  

II. Recommendations  

III. Background: Forced Displacement and Arabization of Northern Iraq

The Mass Displacement of the mid-1970s

The 1988 Anfal Campaign

The Repopulation of the North with Arab Tribes

The 1991 Gulf War and its Aftermath

The Arabization of the Kirkuk Region

The Legal Framework of Arabization

IV. Legal Standards

Forced Population Transfers as a Crime Against Humanity

Human Rights Provisions Relevant to Forced Transfer

“Ethnic Cleansing”

The Right of Forcibly Displaced Persons to Return to their Home, or be Compensated for their Losses

The Need for Fair and Impartial Procedures and the Rights of Secondary Occupants

V. The 2003 Iraq War and its Aftermath

Voluntary Displacement of the Arab Settlers

Case Study: Kis Qal’a village, Shaikhan district

Forced displacement of Arab Settlers

Case Study: Khanaqin

Case Study: Doshivan Village

The Situation of the Assyrians

U.S. and Coalition Efforts to Prevent Abuses

Domiz, Duhok Governorate

VI. Reversing Arabization of Kirkuk

Arabization of Kirkuk

Abuses Committed During the Fall of Kirkuk

The Difficulty of Resolving Kirkuk’s Property Disputes

Inter-ethnic Tensions in Kirkuk

VII. The Role of the International Community

The Security Crisis in Iraq and Its Impact on the Property Reform Process

The Iraqi Property Reconciliation Facility

U.S. Mediation Efforts

Case Study: Dogurtkan

Case Study: Al-Bashir village

The Iraq Property Claims Commission

Acknowledgements

August 2004   Vol. 16, No. 4(E)

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