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V. Changes between 1996 and 2003
We have compared data from 1996, covered in our earlier report Punishment and Prejudice, with the results from our analysis here of the 2003 data.51 Although racial disparities in rates of incarceration for drug offenders diminished to some extent in most of the reporting states, a comparison of the total rates for 1996 and 2003 indicates a slight worsening of the disparity nationwide.
As shown in Table 6, both black and white rates of prison admissions for drug offenses dropped during this period, although that of whites dropped by a bigger percentage. The black rate of prison admissions for drug offenses decreased 11.4 percent from 1996 to 2003, from 289.4 to 256.2 per 100,000 black adults. The white rate of prison admissions for drug offenses decreased by 13.2 percent, from 29.1 to 25.3 per 100,000 white adults. The white rate of prison admissions for drug offenses increased in 31 states between 1996 and 2003, and the black rate of admission increased in 18.
The racial disparity reflected in the ratio of black-to-white drug offender prison admission rates decreased in 30 of the 34 states, but it increased in states with large populations such as New York and California. (Table 7). The net result is that the racial disparity among the rates of drug offender prison admissions across the 34 states in 2003 appears to have increased slightly. In 1996 the black drug offender prison admission rate was 9.9 times greater than that of whites. In 2003 it was 10.1 times greater. (Table 7). This slight increase in the ratio of black and white rates may, however, reflect changes or errors in data reporting by the states, rather than a real increase in the disparity.
There was little change in the racial composition of drug offender prison admissions between 1996 and 2003. (Table 8). Taking the 34 reporting states together, the black proportion of drug admissions to prison remained at 53.5 percent. The white proportion of drug admissions decreased from 35.8 percent to 33.3 percent, while the proportion of drug offenders characterized as “other” increased from 10.6 percent to 13.2 percent.
The role of drug offenses in sending blacks and whites to prison did not change markedly between 1996 and 2003. As shown in Table 9, drug offenses accounted for 25 percent of all whites sent to prison in 1996, and 25.4 percent in 2003. For blacks the increase was slightly greater: drug offenses accounted for 36.8 percent of all blacks sent to prison in 1996 and 38.2 percent in 2003. The proportion of drug offenders among all whites sent to prison increased in 29 states, whereas it increased among black offenders in only 20 states.
Among the individual states, there were some notable changes in rates of prison admission for white and black drug offenders during this period:
- The white rate of drug offender prison admissions increased by more than 100 percent in 13 states. (Table 6).
- The three states with the largest increases in prison admission rates for white drug offenders were Minnesota (271.7 percent), Mississippi (275.4 percent), and Tennessee (604.5 percent). (Table 6).
- The rate of prison admissions for black drug offenders increased by more than 100 percent in three states (North Dakota, South Dakota, and Tennessee), and decreased by more than 50 percent in three states (California, New Hampshire, and Oregon). (Table 6).
- Two states had significant increases in the black-to-white ratio of drug offender prison admissions rates: California (ratio worsened by 61.5 percent) and New York (ratio worsened by 41.6 percent). In both states, the black and white rates of admission to prison for drug offenders decreased between 1996 and 2003, but the white rate decreased more than the black rate. (Tables 6, 7).
(Rates calculated per 100,000 residents of each race)
|
State
|
|
White
|
|
|
Black
|
|
|
|
1996
|
2003 |
% Change |
1996 |
2003 |
% Change |
|
Alabama
|
19.5 |
50.6 |
160.0% |
171.3 |
177.2 |
3.5% |
|
California
|
121.7 |
26.5 |
-78.3% |
799.7 |
280.8 |
-64.9% |
|
Colorado
|
11.4 |
20.4 |
79.5% |
287.4 |
294.8 |
2.6% |
|
Florida
|
14.5 |
27.5 |
89.5% |
257.7 |
321.5 |
24.7% |
|
Georgia
|
13.9 |
33.9 |
143.3% |
133.2 |
169.9 |
27.5% |
|
Hawaii
|
10.8 |
14.2 |
31.8% |
52.1 |
82.5 |
58.3% |
|
Illinois
|
10.9 |
26.0 |
137.9% |
569.5 |
613.8 |
7.8% |
|
Iowa
|
12.9 |
29.3 |
126.8% |
377.6 |
224.3 |
-40.6% |
|
Kentucky
|
27.4 |
63.1 |
130.4% |
450.2 |
392.3 |
-12.9% |
|
Louisiana
|
19.2 |
27.8 |
45.0% |
218.3 |
202.9 |
-7.1% |
|
Maryland
|
10.9 |
21.3 |
95.9% |
265.3 |
370.5 |
39.6% |
|
Michigan
|
6.9 |
9.0 |
31.8% |
133.7 |
106.3 |
-20.5% |
|
Minnesota
|
6.2 |
23.1 |
271.7% |
266.1 |
233.6 |
-12.2% |
|
Mississippi
|
21.1 |
79.2 |
275.4% |
154.4 |
239.4 |
55.0% |
|
Missouri
|
13.4 |
35.4 |
164.6% |
82.8 |
95.4 |
15.3% |
|
Nebraska
|
19.7 |
35.9 |
82.1% |
283.3 |
166.2 |
-41.3% |
|
Nevada
|
19.1 |
17.6 |
-8.1% |
170.0 |
115.5 |
-32.1% |
|
New Hampshire
|
11.5 |
13.3 |
15.7% |
238.7 |
95.2 |
-60.1% |
|
New Jersey
|
15.4 |
19.9 |
29.2% |
410.1 |
409.4 |
-0.2% |
|
New York
|
22.2 |
11.3 |
-49.1% |
224.6 |
161.8 |
-28.0% |
|
North Carolina
|
14.0 |
24.2 |
72.1% |
308.2 |
264.2 |
-14.3% |
|
North Dakota
|
15.4 |
54.4 |
253.1% |
78.9 |
209.2 |
165.3% |
|
Oklahoma
|
33.9 |
88.3 |
160.3% |
252.0 |
392.4 |
55.7% |
|
Oregon
|
9.9 |
11.4 |
15.2% |
112.5 |
47.5 |
-57.8% |
|
Pennsylvania
|
9.2 |
14.8 |
60.4% |
134.1 |
193.7 |
44.5% |
|
South Carolina
|
14.4 |
28.0 |
95.2% |
223.2 |
260.0 |
16.5% |
|
South Dakota
|
28.0 |
58.8 |
110.0% |
225.4 |
526.3 |
133.5% |
|
Tennessee
|
3.1 |
22.0 |
604.5% |
26.3 |
184.7 |
601.6% |
|
Texas
|
13.0 |
19.7 |
51.5% |
222.2 |
230.2 |
3.6% |
|
Utah
|
20.9 |
42.8 |
104.9% |
196.5 |
322.4 |
64.1% |
|
Virginia
|
14.6 |
17.4 |
19.6% |
276.0 |
229.4 |
-16.9% |
|
Washington
|
33.7 |
44.7 |
32.7% |
520.5 |
449.7 |
-13.6% |
|
West Virginia
|
5.0 |
8.6 |
69.9% |
129.0 |
140.0 |
8.5% |
|
Wisconsin
|
6.8 |
8.0 |
17.6% |
340.2 |
340.3 |
0.0% |
|
Total*
|
29.1 |
25.3 |
-13.2% |
289.4 |
256.2 |
-11.4% |
Source: National Corrections Reporting Program, 2003.
* Total calculated on basis of 34 reporting states.
(Rates calculated per 100,000 residents)
|
State
|
Black/White |
Black/White |
% Change |
|
|
1996
|
2003 |
1996-2003 |
|
Alabama
|
8.8 |
3.5 |
-60.2% |
|
California
|
6.6 |
10.6 |
61.5% |
|
Colorado
|
25.3 |
14.4 |
-42.9% |
|
Florida
|
17.8 |
11.7 |
-34.2% |
|
Georgia
|
9.6 |
5.0 |
-47.6% |
|
Hawaii
|
4.8 |
5.8 |
20.1% |
|
Illinois
|
52.1 |
23.6 |
-54.7% |
|
Iowa
|
29.2 |
7.7 |
-73.8% |
|
Kentucky
|
16.4 |
6.2 |
-62.2% |
|
Louisiana
|
11.4 |
7.3 |
-35.9% |
|
Maryland
|
24.4 |
17.4 |
-28.7% |
|
Michigan
|
19.5 |
11.8 |
-39.7% |
|
Minnesota
|
42.8 |
10.1 |
-76.4% |
|
Mississippi
|
7.3 |
3.0 |
-58.7% |
|
Missouri
|
6.2 |
2.7 |
-56.4% |
|
Nebraska
|
14.4 |
4.6 |
-67.8% |
|
Nevada
|
8.9 |
6.6 |
-26.1% |
|
New Hampshire
|
20.7 |
7.1 |
-65.5% |
|
New Jersey
|
26.6 |
20.6 |
-22.8% |
|
New York
|
10.1 |
14.3 |
41.6% |
|
North Carolina
|
22.0 |
10.9 |
-50.2% |
|
North Dakota
|
5.1 |
3.8 |
-24.9% |
|
Oklahoma
|
7.4 |
4.4 |
-40.2% |
|
Oregon
|
11.3 |
4.1 |
-63.4% |
|
Pennsylvania
|
14.5 |
13.1 |
-9.9% |
|
South Carolina
|
15.5 |
9.3 |
-40.3% |
|
South Dakota
|
8.1 |
9.0 |
11.2% |
|
Tennessee
|
8.4 |
8.4 |
-0.4% |
|
Texas
|
17.0 |
11.7 |
-31.6% |
|
Utah
|
9.4 |
7.5 |
-19.9% |
|
Virginia
|
19.0 |
13.2 |
-30.5% |
|
Washington
|
15.5 |
10.1 |
-34.9% |
|
West Virginia
|
25.6 |
16.3 |
-36.2% |
|
Wisconsin
|
49.8 |
42.4 |
-14.9% |
|
Total*
|
9.9 |
10.1 |
2.0% |
Source: National Corrections Reporting Program, 2003.
* Total calculated on basis of 34 reporting states.
|
State
|
|
1996
|
|
|
2003
|
|
|
|
White
|
Black |
Other |
White |
Black |
Other |
|
Alabama
|
26.6% |
73.1% |
0.3% |
46.2% |
53.6% |
0.2% |
|
California
|
55.3% |
33.3% |
11.5% |
30.3% |
27.1% |
42.6% |
|
Colorado
|
28.4% |
30.5% |
41.1% |
42.2% |
25.3% |
32.6% |
|
Florida
|
27.2% |
71.3% |
1.5% |
33.6% |
64.0% |
2.4% |
|
Georgia
|
22.4% |
77.1% |
0.4% |
33.1% |
66.2% |
0.7% |
|
Hawaii
|
24.8% |
9.8% |
65.4% |
16.8% |
6.9% |
76.3% |
|
Illinois
|
9.5% |
82.4% |
8.1% |
18.4% |
74.9% |
6.7% |
|
Iowa
|
60.7% |
31.1% |
8.2% |
85.3% |
13.4% |
1.4% |
|
Kentucky
|
45.7% |
54.1% |
0.2% |
67.8% |
31.9% |
0.3% |
|
Louisiana
|
17.2% |
82.2% |
0.6% |
23.3% |
76.3% |
0.5% |
|
Maryland
|
9.8% |
87.6% |
2.5% |
12.1% |
87.0% |
0.9% |
|
Michigan
|
24.8% |
75.1% |
0.1% |
34.6% |
64.6% |
0.7% |
|
Minnesota
|
48.2% |
50.1% |
1.7% |
68.9% |
26.1% |
5.0% |
|
Mississippi
|
21.6% |
78.3% |
0.1% |
38.6% |
61.0% |
0.3% |
|
Missouri
|
58.6% |
40.9% |
0.5% |
62.5% |
37.1% |
0.4% |
|
Nebraska
|
64.8% |
34.0% |
1.2% |
81.2% |
15.0% |
3.8% |
|
Nevada
|
43.4% |
29.5% |
27.1% |
45.1% |
23.9% |
31.0% |
|
New Hampshire
|
86.7% |
12.4% |
0.9% |
88.7% |
5.6% |
5.6% |
|
New Jersey
|
16.5% |
72.3% |
11.1% |
19.7% |
69.8% |
10.5% |
|
New York
|
24.5% |
52.1% |
23.4% |
19.1% |
59.5% |
21.4% |
|
North Carolina
|
14.4% |
83.2% |
2.4% |
23.8% |
69.7% |
6.5% |
|
North Dakota
|
83.3% |
2.4% |
14.3% |
83.2% |
2.0% |
14.8% |
|
Oklahoma
|
53.7% |
32.3% |
14.0% |
63.3% |
24.6% |
12.2% |
|
Oregon
|
46.9% |
9.2% |
43.9% |
84.3% |
6.2% |
9.5% |
|
Pennsylvania
|
41.4% |
58.5% |
0.1% |
41.4% |
58.2% |
0.4% |
|
South Carolina
|
14.2% |
85.5% |
0.2% |
21.4% |
76.9% |
1.8% |
|
South Dakota
|
90.2% |
4.6% |
5.2% |
83.3% |
5.5% |
11.2% |
|
Tennessee
|
40.1% |
59.2% |
0.8% |
38.0% |
58.6% |
3.4% |
|
Texas
|
21.4% |
50.3% |
28.4% |
29.8% |
46.6% |
23.6% |
|
Utah
|
89.9% |
7.4% |
2.7% |
90.8% |
6.4% |
2.8% |
|
Virginia
|
18.0% |
81.3% |
0.8% |
23.1% |
75.5% |
1.4% |
|
Washington
|
60.3% |
32.4% |
7.2% |
68.8% |
25.6% |
5.5% |
|
West Virginia
|
55.3% |
43.9% |
0.8% |
65.2% |
34.3% |
0.6% |
|
Wisconsin
|
28.7% |
69.4% |
2.0% |
29.9% |
68.7% |
1.4% |
|
Total*
|
35.8% |
53.5% |
10.6% |
33.3% |
53.5% |
13.2% |
Source: National Corrections Reporting Program, 1996 and 2003.
* Total calculated on basis of 34 reporting states.
|
State
|
|
White
|
|
|
Black
|
|
|
|
1996
|
2003 |
% Change |
1996 |
2003 |
% Change |
|
Alabama
|
20.1% |
31.2% |
55.7% |
31.9% |
32.4% |
1.6% |
|
California
|
33.6% |
29.2% |
-13.2% |
36.9% |
32.8% |
-11.1% |
|
Colorado
|
15.3% |
23.3% |
52.4% |
32.1% |
37.3% |
16.4% |
|
Florida
|
14.0% |
20.5% |
47.1% |
34.0% |
38.8% |
14.3% |
|
Georgia
|
17.3% |
29.5% |
70.5% |
31.8% |
34.0% |
7.0% |
|
Hawaii
|
10.9% |
13.6% |
25.2% |
23.6% |
31.4% |
32.7% |
|
Illinois
|
15.3% |
25.3% |
65.5% |
47.1% |
47.5% |
0.9% |
|
Iowa
|
11.9% |
32.9% |
176.8% |
22.1% |
21.4% |
-3.4% |
|
Kentucky
|
19.3% |
30.8% |
59.8% |
44.6% |
39.2% |
-12.0% |
|
Louisiana
|
20.3% |
28.1% |
38.6% |
33.8% |
43.9% |
29.8% |
|
Maryland
|
11.3% |
22.8% |
102.1% |
26.1% |
50.9% |
94.6% |
|
Michigan
|
10.1% |
11.2% |
11.1% |
28.5% |
22.5% |
-21.3% |
|
Minnesota
|
13.5% |
35.3% |
162.1% |
22.6% |
28.3% |
25.5% |
|
Mississippi
|
21.7% |
35.3% |
62.9% |
33.1% |
36.3% |
9.7% |
|
Missouri
|
17.0% |
31.1% |
82.7% |
20.2% |
37.5% |
85.9% |
|
Nebraska
|
22.0% |
31.1% |
41.9% |
29.4% |
18.9% |
-35.6% |
|
Nevada
|
15.3% |
16.2% |
6.0% |
23.6% |
18.8% |
-20.2% |
|
New Hampshire
|
18.4% |
19.9% |
8.1% |
60.9% |
21.1% |
-65.4% |
|
New Jersey
|
29.5% |
32.2% |
9.3% |
50.0% |
55.0% |
10.0% |
|
New York
|
39.9% |
25.9% |
-35.2% |
48.8% |
44.6% |
-8.6% |
|
North Carolina
|
10.4% |
14.4% |
38.3% |
33.2% |
27.6% |
-16.9% |
|
North Dakota
|
21.1% |
42.3% |
100.0% |
20.0% |
16.2% |
-18.9% |
|
Oklahoma
|
25.0% |
44.5% |
78.4% |
31.8% |
43.6% |
37.1% |
|
Oregon
|
10.9% |
14.8% |
36.1% |
11.7% |
13.4% |
14.0% |
|
Pennsylvania
|
26.1% |
25.2% |
-3.2% |
33.8% |
43.1% |
27.5% |
|
South Carolina
|
10.7% |
16.7% |
55.4% |
30.1% |
31.8% |
5.6% |
|
South Dakota
|
22.4% |
30.6% |
36.9% |
25.0% |
35.1% |
40.4% |
|
Tennessee
|
12.6% |
18.8% |
48.9% |
36.3% |
30.5% |
-16.0% |
|
Texas
|
18.4% |
25.7% |
39.5% |
37.6% |
38.8% |
3.1% |
|
Utah
|
27.9% |
38.9% |
39.4% |
28.2% |
38.0% |
34.8% |
|
Virginia
|
15.9% |
14.9% |
-6.5% |
38.2% |
32.2% |
-15.7% |
|
Washington
|
32.6% |
31.9% |
-2.4% |
51.0% |
44.5% |
-12.9% |
|
West Virginia
|
9.0% |
10.1% |
11.9% |
42.5% |
31.8% |
-25.3% |
|
Wisconsin
|
17.2% |
19.7% |
14.9% |
37.8% |
44.9% |
19.0% |
|
Total*
|
25.0% |
25.4% |
1.9% |
36.8% |
38.2% |
3.7% |
Source: National Corrections Reporting Program, 1996 and 2003.
*Total calculated on basis of 34 reporting states.
The increase in the rate of white drug offender admissions in 31 states between 1996 and 2003 may partially reflect the impact of the increased manufacturing and use of methamphetamine in the past decade.52For example, in 1994, an estimated 3,825,000 people age 12 and older had used methamphetamine for nonmedical purposes in their lifetime, and 760,000 had used it in the past year.53 By 2006, the estimated number of people who had used methamphetamine for nonmedical purposes in their lifetime had soared to 14,206,000, including 1,889,000 who had used it in the past year.54 The available data also suggests whites use methamphetamine far more than blacks. For example, in 2006, 6.9 percent of whites surveyed reported use of methamphetamine during their lifetime, compared to 1.9 percent of blacks. Translating these rates into numbers yields an estimate of 11,540,000 whites who have used methamphetamine, and 546,000 blacks.55 According to a study on racial disparities in Minnesota’s imprisonment rates, the disparity had indeed lessened recently due to the “imprisonment of Methamphetamine offenders who are predominately white.”56
Tables 10 and 11 show the rates of drug offender prison admissions for men and for women, disaggregated by race, along with the percentage of change in those rates between 1996 and 2003. The rate for white men increased in 31 states, including in 13 states where the increase was over 100 percent. Nevertheless, the total white male rate declined over the period by 18.4 percent because of the marked decline in such large states as California and New York. The rate for black men decreased in 17 states, including in California and New York, and in only two states (Tennessee and North Dakota) did the growth exceed 100 percent. The net result was a decrease of 11.2 percent for the total black rate between 1996 and 2003. Because the rate for black men declined less than the rate of white men, the disparity between the two grew worse: as shown in Table 12, black men were sent to prison on drug charges at 10.8 times the rate of white men in 1996. In 2003, black men were sent to prison on drug charges at 11.8 times the rate of white men.
The pattern was different for women. Between 1996 and 2003, the rate for white women increased in 30 states. (Table 11). Although the increases in many states were significant—in 19 states the rate increased by more than 100 percent—the declines in California and New York kept the total increase to only 14 percent. The rate at which black women were sent to prison for drug offenses decreased in 21 states during this period—and where the rate increased, the growth was relatively small compared to the increases in white women’s rates. The result was a significant total decrease of 28.9 percent among black women entering prison for drug offenses. As a result of these changes, the ratio of rates at which black and white women were sent to prison for drug offenses decreased, dropping from 7.7 to 4.8. (Table 12). That is, the racial disparity in the women’s rates was reduced.
Because women are only a small percentage of prison drug admissions, the changes in the male rates have a much greater impact on the overall rates.
The changes—or lack thereof—in the total as well as state-specific figures between 1996 and 2003 reflect many factors, the analysis of which is beyond the scope of this report. We want to emphasize the huge impact that a large state, such as California, can have on the total figures for the 34 states. We also want to caution that to an unknown extent, the data may reflect changes in reporting methods by the states with regard to race and ethnicities.
(Rates calculated per 100,000 male residents)
|
State
|
|
White
|
|
|
Black
|
|
|
|
1996
|
2003 |
% Change |
1996 |
2003 |
% Change |
|
Alabama
|
34.0 |
83.5 |
145.3% |
341.1 |
363.6 |
6.6% |
|
California
|
214.6 |
43.8 |
-79.6% |
1414.5 |
515.1 |
-63.6% |
|
Colorado
|
19.1 |
31.9 |
67.1% |
471.0 |
456.5 |
-3.1% |
|
Florida
|
25.1 |
44.9 |
78.9% |
507.4 |
628.2 |
23.8% |
|
Georgia
|
23.4 |
55.5 |
137.1% |
268.3 |
345.3 |
28.7% |
|
Hawaii
|
14.7 |
20.0 |
35.8% |
62.4 |
122.0 |
95.6% |
|
Illinois
|
19.6 |
44.2 |
125.3% |
1116.2 |
1227.6 |
10.0% |
|
Iowa
|
23.6 |
53.7 |
127.3% |
672.3 |
402.7 |
-40.1% |
|
Kentucky
|
44.8 |
102.6 |
129.0% |
886.3 |
725.8 |
-18.1% |
|
Louisiana
|
34.1 |
47.7 |
39.8% |
442.7 |
414.0 |
-6.5% |
|
Maryland
|
18.6 |
39.7 |
113.3% |
541.5 |
760.5 |
40.4% |
|
Michigan
|
12.1 |
16.3 |
34.2% |
274.2 |
218.8 |
-20.2% |
|
Minnesota
|
11.3 |
40.8 |
262.6% |
466.6 |
412.1 |
-11.7% |
|
Mississippi
|
38.8 |
132.4 |
241.6% |
322.1 |
477.7 |
48.3% |
|
Missouri
|
24.1 |
60.9 |
152.4% |
173.0 |
129.8 |
-24.9% |
|
Nebraska
|
35.2 |
62.3 |
77.1% |
480.5 |
277.3 |
-42.3% |
|
Nevada
|
30.6 |
26.6 |
-13.1% |
307.1 |
211.5 |
-31.1% |
|
New Hampshire
|
20.2 |
24.2 |
20.0% |
363.5 |
167.0 |
-54.1% |
|
New Jersey
|
28.4 |
34.7 |
22.3% |
829.0 |
822.1 |
-0.8% |
|
New York
|
38.6 |
19.5 |
-49.5% |
432.9 |
333.9 |
-22.9% |
|
North Carolina
|
22.8 |
36.7 |
60.7% |
606.8 |
519.5 |
-14.4% |
|
North Dakota
|
27.7 |
90.1 |
225.6% |
68.4 |
281.7 |
311.5% |
|
Oklahoma
|
54.1 |
143.7 |
165.6% |
433.8 |
684.0 |
57.7% |
|
Oregon
|
16.4 |
19.4 |
18.0% |
205.9 |
66.8 |
-67.6% |
|
Pennsylvania
|
17.8 |
27.6 |
54.7% |
277.9 |
407.7 |
46.7% |
|
South Carolina
|
25.6 |
47.3 |
84.7% |
452.5 |
537.2 |
18.7% |
|
South Dakota
|
47.7 |
99.5 |
108.7% |
304.9 |
597.6 |
96.0% |
|
Tennessee
|
5.7 |
33.8 |
495.5% |
53.4 |
371.9 |
596.9% |
|
Texas
|
20.5 |
31.1 |
51.7% |
387.5 |
430.6 |
11.1% |
|
Utah
|
37.9 |
70.7 |
86.7% |
344.2 |
468.6 |
36.2% |
|
Virginia
|
24.6 |
28.4 |
15.6% |
516.2 |
435.2 |
-15.7% |
|
Washington
|
57.1 |
74.4 |
30.3% |
836.4 |
719.8 |
-13.9% |
|
West Virginia
|
9.1 |
14.3 |
57.0% |
245.1 |
245.9 |
0.3% |
|
Wisconsin
|
12.7 |
14.4 |
13.8% |
654.9 |
664.8 |
1.5% |
|
Total*
|
51.6 |
42.1 |
-18.4% |
558.0 |
495.5 |
-11.2% |
Source: National Corrections Reporting Program, 1996 and 2003.
* Total calculated on basis of 34 reporting states.
(Rates calculated per 100,000 female residents)
|
State
|
|
White
|
|
|
Black
|
|
|
|
1996
|
2003 |
% Change |
1996 |
2003 |
% Change |
|
Alabama
|
6.2 |
19.9 |
223.1% |
36.7 |
26.1 |
-28.9% |
|
California
|
29.5 |
9.2 |
-68.7% |
212.0 |
62.5 |
-70.5% |
|
Colorado
|
4.0 |
8.9 |
124.6% |
99.6 |
117.2 |
17.6% |
|
Florida
|
4.8 |
11.2 |
131.0% |
41.7 |
50.7 |
21.7% |
|
Georgia
|
4.9 |
12.7 |
157.6% |
23.5 |
21.8 |
-7.4% |
|
Hawaii
|
6.3 |
7.7 |
22.8% |
38.1 |
25.3 |
-33.6% |
|
Illinois
|
2.8 |
8.5 |
203.5% |
120.5 |
109.4 |
-9.2% |
|
Iowa
|
3.2 |
6.4 |
101.7% |
73.4 |
28.8 |
-60.8% |
|
Kentucky
|
11.6 |
26.4 |
128.5% |
83.5 |
88.5 |
6.1% |
|
Louisiana
|
5.4 |
9.1 |
68.1% |
37.8 |
27.4 |
-27.5% |
|
Maryland
|
3.6 |
4.1 |
14.4% |
34.0 |
50.1 |
47.7% |
|
Michigan
|
2.0 |
2.1 |
8.7% |
18.8 |
11.0 |
-41.5% |
|
Minnesota
|
1.5 |
6.1 |
309.2% |
52.6 |
38.5 |
-26.9% |
|
Mississippi
|
4.9 |
29.0 |
494.1% |
20.5 |
41.1 |
100.7% |
|
Missouri
|
3.6 |
11.6 |
223.7% |
10.0 |
14.3 |
43.2% |
|
Nebraska
|
5.4 |
10.6 |
96.0% |
105.1 |
60.7 |
-42.2% |
|
Nevada
|
7.2 |
8.2 |
14.2% |
35.2 |
19.4 |
-44.9% |
|
New Hampshire
|
3.4 |
3.1 |
-9.7% |
78.0 |
0.0 |
-100.0% |
|
New Jersey
|
3.5 |
6.2 |
74.3% |
53.5 |
59.5 |
11.2% |
|
New York
|
7.3 |
3.7 |
-49.4% |
55.7 |
24.1 |
-56.8% |
|
North Carolina
|
5.8 |
12.2 |
108.5% |
63.0 |
50.7 |
-19.5% |
|
North Dakota
|
3.5 |
19.2 |
453.9% |
93.0 |
91.5 |
-1.6% |
|
Oklahoma
|
15.3 |
35.9 |
135.1% |
90.0 |
119.5 |
32.7% |
|
Oregon
|
3.8 |
3.8 |
-0.2% |
10.7 |
24.7 |
130.7% |
|
Pennsylvania
|
1.5 |
3.1 |
101.2% |
15.5 |
13.0 |
-16.2% |
|
South Carolina
|
3.9 |
9.7 |
150.7% |
36.5 |
30.8 |
-15.7% |
|
South Dakota
|
9.4 |
19.3 |
104.7% |
87.9 |
387.6 |
341.1% |
|
Tennessee
|
0.8 |
10.9 |
1272.9% |
4.6 |
28.9 |
529.0% |
|
Texas
|
6.0 |
8.6 |
45.1% |
73.9 |
51.4 |
-30.5% |
|
Utah
|
4.6 |
15.2 |
231.5% |
0.0 |
117.7 |
-- |
|
Virginia
|
5.1 |
6.9 |
36.0% |
65.2 |
49.5 |
-24.0% |
|
Washington
|
10.9 |
15.6 |
42.9% |
167.4 |
133.5 |
-20.2% |
|
West Virginia
|
1.4 |
3.3 |
132.7% |
30.9 |
32.4 |
4.9% |
|
Wisconsin
|
1.4 |
1.9 |
38.0% |
64.6 |
51.5 |
-20.3% |
|
Total*
|
8.0 |
9.1 |
14.0% |
61.9 |
44.0 |
-28.9% |
Source: National Corrections Reporting Program, 1996 and 2003.
*Total calculated on basis of 34 reporting states.
(Rates calculated per 100,000 adult residents)
|
State
|
|
1996
|
|
|
2003
|
|
|
|
|
Black:White
|
|
|
Black:White
|
|
|
|
Male
|
Female |
All |
Male |
Female |
All |
|
Alabama
|
10.0 |
6.0 |
8.8 |
4.4 |
1.3 |
3.5 |
|
California
|
6.6 |
7.2 |
6.6 |
11.8 |
6.8 |
10.6 |
|
Colorado
|
24.7 |
25.1 |
25.3 |
14.3 |
13.2 |
14.4 |
|
Florida
|
|
