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VOICEOVER:
Do you have a car?
If so, then parts of your car could be made with forced labor from China.
Let's explain how.
The first thing you need to know is that factories in China make the most cars in the world.
Major brands such as General Motors, Tesla, BYD, Toyota, and Volkswagen manufacture and sell cars in China.
Factories in China are also increasingly exporting cars and car parts to global markets.
So where does the forced labor come in?
Well, almost 10 percent of the world’s aluminum, a key material for car making, is produced in the Xinjiang region of China.
Xinjiang is home to the Uyghurs, a predominantly Muslim Turkic ethnic group whose culture and language are different from China’s majority Han population.
The Chinese government has long repressed Uyghurs and in recent years committed crimes against humanity in Xinjiang.
The government’s abuses include:
- An estimated one million arbitrary detentions.
- an intrusive mass surveillance system
- (and) cultural and religious persecution
The Chinese government has also subjected Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim communities to forced labor, both in detention centers and through labor transfer programs.
Labor transfers relocate Uyghurs from their homes in rural areas to urban areas to work in factories.
Teams of government officials go door-to-door to identify candidates for transfers.
Human Rights Watch and other organizations analyzed hundreds of Chinese government and company documents available online, and found links between Xinjiang’s aluminum producers and labor transfers.
Uyghurs fear detention or other sanctions if they refuse the transfers, so there’s little choice but to accept the jobs and relocate.
Labor transfer workers frequently face ideological indoctrination and limits on their freedom of movement.
So how could aluminum produced by forced labor end up in your car?
Aluminum from Xinjiang is exported to other regions of China, where it is melted down again, enabling it to enter global supply chains undetected.
And maybe into the car that you use.
Car companies are aware of the Chinese government’s repression of Uyghurs and the risk of forced labor in their supply chain.
But some carmakers have succumbed to Chinese government pressure to apply weaker human rights and responsible sourcing standards in their operations in China.
Consumers should not have to buy or drive vehicles with links to grave abuses in Xinjiang.
So, what can be done?
When looking to buy a new car, consumers should ask manufacturers how they protect against links to human rights abuses, including forced labor in Xinjiang.
Car companies should require their suppliers, in China and elsewhere, to prove the source of raw materials and show they are free from human rights violations.
Countries should require companies to disclose their supply chains and prohibit the import of products containing parts or materials produced by forced labor.
The cars we drive shouldn’t be made with forced labor.
過去一年，人權觀察組織調查了中國西北部新疆地區的強迫勞動問題，中國政府的勞動力轉移項目迫使維吾爾族和其他突厥裔穆斯林離鄉背井，到外地工作場所做工。揭露與強迫勞動相關的產品和材料，從汽車中的鋁到太陽能板中的多晶矽，在未被發現的情況下進入全球供應鏈的情況，困難重重。
這項工作面臨的困難說明，為何歐盟禁止涉強迫勞動進出口的新法律必須採取具體措施來抵制由國家實施的強迫勞動。
政府主導的強迫勞動，結合新疆更廣泛的國家鎮壓和監控，嚴重限制了進入該地區的機會，並導致無法安全地採訪工人。人權觀察調查人員轉而投注數月時間查閱數千網頁，蒐尋企業參與勞動力轉移的證據。但中國的網路審查制度使得即使這樣的研究也變得愈來愈困難。
歐洲議會提出的新法草案版本將授權歐盟執委會（European Commission）對存在國家強迫勞動高度風險的特定地區和特定經濟部門（例如新疆生產的鋁）進行指定。從被指定部門和地區向歐盟進口產品而受到調查時，進口商必須證明相關產品非以強迫勞動生產。
歐盟各國政府迄今仍抵制歐洲議會前述提議，而各國提出的法案版本對於國家強迫勞動問題都只有輕描淡寫。根據各國版本，監管機構只針對個別品項進行調查，而非將新疆或其他地區的更廣泛產品類別歸類為強迫勞動高風險產品。由於新疆大量產品均為國家強迫勞動產物，且從當地獲取資訊十分困難，各國版本的作法將嚴重損害該法有效性。
包括人權觀察在內的33個公民社會組織和工會已於2月5日致函歐盟各國政府，敦促各國對該法案做出重大修正，包括納入應對國家強迫勞動問題的措施。
歐洲各國政府應確保通過一部強而有力的強迫勞動防制法，有效解決國家強迫勞動問題。
