April 1997 Vol. 9, No. 2 (A)
ZAIRE
ABBREVIATIONS 3
SUMMARY 4
RECOMMENDATIONS 6
THE STALLED TRANSITION 11
Mobutu Ushers in Mobutu 11
The Kengo Government 13
The Protocol of Agreement 15
Preconditions for Elections 16
Reform of the Military and Security Services 17
Reform of the Territorial Administration 17
Elections on Hold 18
THE WAR 18
The Spreading Violence 19
The Role of Foreign Forces 20
Violations of the Laws of War by All Parties to the Conflict 22
Zairian Armed Forces (FAZ) and Militia Attacks on the Banyamulenge 22
Attacks by the ADFL and its Allies on Refugee Camps 24
Human Rights Abuses by the Interahamwe and Ex-FAR 27
Interference with Humanitarian Aid 28
Attacks on Other Zairian Civilians 29
The Transitional Agenda of the ADFL 30
THE RIGHTS DENIED 33
Freedom from Arbitrary Arrests and Detention 33
Freedom of Association and Peaceful Assembly 35
The Emerging Civil Society 36
Restrictions on Assembly 37
Freedom of Expression 39
Attacks on the Media and Journalists 40
Confiscation of Political Literature 42
Freedom of Movement 43
The Right to Nationality 44
SHABA: A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE 45
Background 45
Elections Climate 48
Repercussions of the War in Shaba 50
"Pay As You Go": Justice and General Insecurity 52
Arbitrary Detentions 52
Impunity for Abuses 53
Compromising the Independence of the Judiciary 54
The Case of Lieutenant Mukelenge 55
Civil Society-Human Rights NGOs 56
THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY 56
The European Union 57
The United States 58
The United Nations 59
The O.A.U. and Other Regional Initiatives 60
Converging and Diverging Initiatives 61
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 63