|
<<previous | index | next>> III. Powers of BIN and Intelligence Operatives: Investigative PowersUnder Article 18 (a) of the draft, intelligence operatives are given incredibly broad and poorly defined power to conduct surveillance, monitor and seize correspondence, and electronically monitor (“bug”) the conversations of those strongly suspected (diduga kuat) of involvement (terlibat) in a threat to the nation.23 Article 18 (b) grants intelligence operatives an even broader power to “summon” (memanggil) any person for questioning about any issue related to a threat to the nation.24 Article 19 empowers intelligence operatives to enter and search any building, public or private, including residences.25 Article 20 further empowers the BIN Director to authorize the examination and freezing of the bank account of any person “strongly suspected” of conducting activities that constitute a threat to the nation.26 Article 21 empowers intelligence officials to arrest, detain, interrogate, search, or restrict the movement of any person strongly suspected of being “directly or indirectly” involved in activities related to a threat to the nation.27 Article 31 and 32 empower officials to conduct raids on individuals, bodies, clothes, things, houses or other structures28 and seize any objects or documents which are “strongly suspected” of being tied to threatening activities.29 These articles, by references to the broad definitions in Article 1 of the draft law, incorporate a dangerously broad range of ill-defined and often overlapping powers, including investigation,30 surveillance,31 bugging/tapping,32 detention,33 interrogation,34 raid,35 seizure36 and arrest.37 The intelligence strategies set forth in the definitions section of the law neither suggest any reasonable limits nor propose any mechanism for oversight. Some definitions, such as censorship38 and intelligence investigation,39 seem to incorporate legal standards (strong reason to suspect––dicurigai dengan alasan yang kuat––and strongly suspected––diduga kuat––respectively), while others do not. Human Rights Watch is concerned that the broad array of poorly defined powers invoked in these provisions and defined in Article 1 could create confusion and legal ambiguity which might allow them to be used as a pretext by intelligence officials to violate the rights of Indonesian civilians with no links to terrorism. These definitions require serious clarification and re-drafting, keeping in mind the requirements of due process under international law, which prohibit arbitrary or unlawful arrest and detention, or interference with privacy, family, home or correspondence. In addition, legislators should consider whether these provisions are compatible with the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). Currently, the draft’s provisions on search and seizure conflict with the KUHAP search warrant requirement, requirements that witnesses be present during the search of a residence (KUHAP Article 33), limitations on the seizure of items without a warrant from a judge (KUHAP 38-39) and similar provisions for the examination of correspondence (KUHAP 47).Human Rights Watch is concerned that the draft law lacks clear language requiring intelligence officers to comply with the warrant requirements of the KUHAP. Human Rights Watch further suggests that the draft’s invocation of the rule of law is meaningless without a mechanism for judicial oversight. Many provisions of the bill contain legal terms, such as strongly suspected (diduga kuat) and involved (terlibat,) which give the impression that some legal standard is being applied, while in reality the bill offers no such mechanisms at all, much less a judicial one, for oversight. The evaluation of when these standards have been met is seemingly left up to the intelligence establishment itself, without any checks and balances in place to prevent or remedy an arbitrary arrest and detention. [23] Dalam rangka penyelidikan awal, petugas intelijen negara berwenang: melakukan pengamatan, penyensoran, penyadapan serta penjejakan terhadap kegiatan setiap orang yang diduga kuat terlibat dalam ancaman nasional; [24] memanggil setiap orang untuk didengar keterangannya tentang hal-hal yang diketahuinya berkaitan dengan ancaman nasional. [25] Dalam rangka melakukan penyelidikan terhadap ancaman nasional, petugas intelijen negara berwenang memasuki pekarangan, gedung, rumah tinggal, bangunan, sarana angkutan dan atau proyek vital milik perorangan, swasta maupun negara [26] Article 19: Dalam rangka melaksanakan penyelidikan terhadap ancaman nasional, Kepala Badan Intelijen Negara berwenang memerintahkan kepada bank untuk membuka dan atau membekukan rekening orang oratng yang diduga kuat melakukan kegiatan ancaman tersebut. [27] Dalam rangka melaksanakan penyelidikan, sebagai upaya memberikan perlindungan terhadap ketentraman dan keselamatan masyarakat, petugas intelijen negara berwenang melalukan: (a) penangkapan, penahanan, pemeriksaan, penggeledahan serta pencegahan dan penangkalan terhadap setiap orang yang diduga kuat terlibat langsung maupun tidak langsung-dalam kegiatan ancaman nasional. [28] Penggeledahan dalam rangka pemeriksaan sebagaimana dimaksud pasal 21 huruf a, dilakukan terhadap orang, badan, pakaian, barang, rumah dan atau bangunan. [29] Apabila dari hasil penggeledahan sebagaimana dimaksud pasal 31 diketemukari atau terdapat dokumen atau benda-benda lain yang diduga kuat berkaitan dengan kegiatan ancaman nasional, maka atas benda tersebut dilakukan penyitaan. [30] Penyelidikan adalah semua usaha, pekerjaan, dan kegiatan yang dilakukan secara terencana dan terarah untuk memperoleh keterangan yang berhubungan dengan ancaman nasional untuk dapat membuat perkiraan mengenai masalah yang dihadapi, guna memungkinkan penentuan kebijakan dengan mempertimbangkan,resiko yang diperhitungkan. (“the efforts, work and activities conducted in a planned and focused manner to obtain clarification of matters related to a threat to the nation, in order to identify potential threats for the purpose of creating policies that take into account existing risks”) [31] Pengamatan adalah pengawasan terhadap perbuatan, kegiatan, keadaan orang, rumah atau bangunan dengan seksama (“the systematic monitoring of the behavior, activities and condition of any person, home or building”) [32] Penyadapan adalah proses, cara, perbuatan mendengarkan atau merekam informasi atau pembicaraan orang lain dengan sengaja, tanpa sepengetahuan orangnya, dengan atau tanpa mempergunakan alat; tapping dan bugging terrnasuk bagian tindakan penyadapan. (“intentionally listening to or recording information or speech of another person without the knowledge of that person, with or without equipment”) [33] Penahanan adalah penempatan tersangka ditempat tertentu oleh petugas intelijen dalam rangka pemeriksaan (“the placing of a suspect in a particular location by intelligence operatives for the purpose of interrogation”) [34] Pemeriksaan adalah segala kegiatan untuk mendapatkan keterangan dari orang tentang hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan ancaman nasional yang sedang dalam pemeriksaan, untuk menemukan dan mendapatkan keterangan lain yang memperkuat barang bukti (“all activities to obtain information from a person about matters related to a threat to the nation, and while undergoing interrogation, to identify and obtain other information that strengthens evidence”) [35] Penggeledahan adalah suatu pekerjaan dan kegiatan untuk melakukan pemeriksaan terhadap orang, barang, pakaian rumah tinggal dan atau bangunan untuk menemukan barang bukti yang berkaitan dengan ancaman nasional. (“the work and activity of searching a person, thing, clothes, residence and/or other building to find evidence related to a threat to the nation”) [36] Penyitaan adalah serangkaian tindakan untuk mengambil alih dan atau penyimpanan barang bergerak maupun barang tetap dibawah penguasaan petugas intelijen negara. (“measures by national intelligence operatives to take control and/or possession of animate or inanimate objects”) [37] Penangkapan adalah suatu usaha, pekerjaan, kegiatan berupa pengekangan sementara waktu, kebebasan tersangka apabila terdapat bukti-bukti guna kepentingan penyelidikan. (“temporarily restraining the freedom of a suspect in order to collect evidence important to an investigation”) [38] Penyensoran adalah pekerjaan membuka, memeriksa, dan atau menyita surat lain yang dikirim melalui Kantor Pos dan Telekomunikasi, Jawatan atau Perusahaan Komunikasi atau pengangkutan, jika benda tersebut dicurigai dengan alasan yang kuat mempunyai hubungan dengan ancaman nasional (“the opening, examining and/or seizing of correspondence … where there is a strong reason to suspect a connection with a threat to the nation”) [39] Penjejakan adalah usaha, pekerjaan dan kegiatan pengamatan yang dilakukan secara tertutup terhadap orang atau benda secara fisik maupun menggunakan tehnik yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktifitas atau kegiatan orang yang diduga kuat melakukan ancaman nasional (“clandestine surveillance of a person or object physically or through the use of technology with the goal of detecting the activities of a person strongly suspected of constituting a threat to the nation”)
|